Selecting the right respiratory protection equipment is fundamental to safeguarding workplace health across countless industries in the UK. With 2026 on the horizon, businesses face increasingly stringent regulatory requirements and heightened awareness of airborne hazards, from toxic dust on construction sites to biological agents in healthcare settings. FFP3 masks represent the highest standard of filtering facepiece respirators available, offering at least ninety-nine per cent filtration efficiency against the finest and most dangerous airborne particles. As demand for compliant personal protective equipment continues to grow, identifying suppliers who can deliver quality, reliability, and comprehensive support has never been more critical. This guide examines ten leading FFP3 mask suppliers currently serving the UK market, with particular focus on what sets the best providers apart in terms of product range, compliance credentials, and customer service.
| Supplier | Key Strengths | Product Range | Pricing (Indicative) | Delivery Options | Best Suited For |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seton | Comprehensive B2B service, compliance guidance, consultative approach, volume ordering | EN 149 certified FFP3 masks with comfort features, plus extensive PPE portfolio (gloves, goggles, coveralls, signage) | Not specified | Rapid delivery throughout UK | Construction, healthcare, maintenance sectors requiring expert compliance support and comprehensive PPE solutions |
| Tuff Shop | Budget-conscious pricing, straightforward procurement, competitive costs | EN 149 certified FFP3 masks (valved and non-valved disposable respirators) | Affordable/competitive | Standard delivery | SMEs with tight budgets requiring compliant respiratory protection without extensive consultative services |
| Toolstation UK | Nationwide branch network, click & collect (5 minutes), immediate availability, trade focus | Respected brands (Honeywell, Moldex, Stanley, Trend) with various mask types | £5-£50 depending on features | In-store collection, next-day, same-day delivery options with free delivery thresholds | Tradespeople and project managers requiring urgent access and brand choice with physical collection convenience |
| Safetec Direct | Expert technical guidance, compliance support, consultative partnership, sector-specific knowledge | Disposable and reusable FFP3 options (valved, non-valved, various sizes) | Not specified | Reliable stock availability | Heavy industry and high-hazard environments (chemical processing, metal fabrication, pharmaceutical manufacturing) |
| RS Components UK | Extensive catalogue, multiple brands, variety and choice, robust logistics | Numerous brands (3M, Delta Plus, RS PRO) across FFP1/FFP2/FFP3 with diverse designs | £18-£50+ per ten-pack | Next-day delivery throughout UK | Organisations with diverse operations requiring product choice and efficient logistics over specialist consultancy |
| JRS Industrial Supplies | Flexible ordering (no minimums), 60-day quality guarantee, accommodating terms | FFP3 masks in various styles plus complementary PPE | Reasonable with free delivery over £150 | Free delivery on orders exceeding £150 | Smaller enterprises with variable demand requiring hassle-free procurement without restrictive purchasing terms |
| Ultimo Safety | UK manufacturer, proprietary design (ULTH3), focus on comfort and fit, direct accountability | ULTH3 FFP3 NR Mask with 4-point adjustable head strap and full inner face seal | £29 for box of 10, volume pricing for 100-case quantities | Direct manufacturer delivery | Organisations prioritising comfort, sustained wearability, and UK-based manufacturing with transparent standards |
| Respirator Shop UK | Exclusive respiratory protection specialisation, deep technical expertise, focused knowledge | Multiple brands across FFP1/FFP2/FFP3, reusable respirators, filters, fit testing equipment | Not specified | Standard delivery | Complex respiratory hazard scenarios requiring specialist consultancy and comprehensive respiratory solutions |
| Safety Supplies UK | One-stop comprehensive safety equipment, established since mid-20th century, vendor consolidation | EN 149 certified FFP3 masks plus extensive safety equipment (PPE, signage, first aid, etc.) | Competitive with free delivery over £150 + VAT | Free delivery on orders exceeding £150 + VAT | Businesses preferring consolidated safety equipment procurement across multiple categories from single supplier |
| Start Safety UK | Fast dispatch, next-day delivery, operational efficiency, responsive service | Well-regarded brands (JSP) with various FFP3 mask styles | Approximately £10 ex. VAT for 10 JSP masks | Same-day dispatch, next-day delivery throughout most UK locations | Time-critical situations and project-based industries requiring rapid supply continuity and delivery speed |
Seton.co.uk
Among the best FFP3 mask suppliers UK businesses can partner with, Seton stands as a premier choice for organisations seeking comprehensive respiratory protection equipment alongside expert compliance guidance. Operating as a trusted B2B supplier, Seton has built its reputation on delivering workplace respiratory safety solutions that meet the exacting standards set forth by European regulation EN 149, ensuring every mask provides maximum protection against fine particles, toxic dust, smoke, and biological agents. This commitment to regulatory compliance makes Seton particularly valuable for firms navigating the complex landscape of UK PPE Regulation requirements, where non-compliance can result in serious legal and financial consequences.
Comprehensive respiratory protection and ppe portfolio
What distinguishes Seton within the competitive landscape of best FFP3 mask suppliers is the breadth of its offering. Beyond simply stocking disposable respirators, Seton provides EN 149 certified masks specifically designed with enhanced comfort features for prolonged professional use. These modern masks address the common challenge of worker compliance by incorporating innovations in respiratory comfort, optimal fit, and reduced breathing resistance, ensuring that employees can wear protection throughout their entire shift without undue discomfort. Industries such as construction, health, and maintenance particularly benefit from these thoughtfully engineered solutions, which are adapted to meet the demanding conditions typical of these sectors. Importantly, Seton's catalogue extends far beyond face masks to encompass a complete range of PPE including gloves, goggles, coveralls, and hearing protection, alongside essential workplace safety equipment such as signage and additional protective gear. This comprehensive approach allows businesses to consolidate their safety equipment procurement with a single, reliable partner, streamlining purchasing processes and ensuring consistency across all personal protective equipment.
B2b reliability and compliance support
The B2B focus that defines Seton's operations translates into practical advantages for commercial clients. With substantial stock availability maintained across its range, Seton ensures rapid delivery throughout the UK, addressing the urgent business needs that frequently arise when protective equipment runs low or new projects commence at short notice. The company's expertise in respiratory equipment selection proves invaluable for organisations uncertain about which specific products best suit their particular hazard profiles. Rather than simply fulfilling orders, Seton functions as a consultative partner, helping businesses understand the nuances between different mask types, filtration standards, and fit considerations. This guidance extends to supporting companies in meeting their broader regulatory compliance obligations, an increasingly complex area as workplace safety legislation continues to evolve. Volume order options further demonstrate Seton's commitment to serving business clients efficiently, with pricing structures and ordering systems designed around the realities of commercial procurement. The strong reputation Seton has cultivated within the UK market reflects decades of consistent service delivery, technical knowledge, and an unwavering commitment to helping organisations protect their most valuable asset: their workforce.
Tuff shop
For businesses operating within tighter budgetary constraints, Tuff Shop presents an attractive alternative among FFP3 mask suppliers, focusing squarely on delivering affordable solutions without compromising on the essential protection standards required by law. This supplier has carved out a distinctive position by recognising that not every organisation can allocate substantial funds to safety equipment, yet all employers share the same legal and moral obligation to protect workers from respiratory hazards. Tuff Shop addresses this challenge by maintaining competitive pricing across its respiratory protection range whilst ensuring all products meet mandatory certification requirements.
Budget-conscious respiratory protection
The affordability emphasis that characterises Tuff Shop's approach does not imply substandard quality. All FFP3 masks available through this supplier carry the necessary EN 149 certification, confirming their ability to filter at least ninety-nine per cent of airborne particles. This makes them suitable for the same hazardous environments as premium alternatives, from dusty construction sites to facilities handling fine powders or potentially infectious materials. Small and medium-sized enterprises particularly benefit from Tuff Shop's model, as these businesses often face the challenge of meeting safety obligations whilst managing tight operational margins. By providing access to compliant respiratory protection at accessible price points, Tuff Shop enables companies of all sizes to fulfil their duty of care towards employees. The range available typically includes both valved and non-valved disposable respirators, offering choice in terms of comfort preferences and specific workplace requirements.
Straightforward procurement for cost-conscious buyers
Beyond competitive pricing, Tuff Shop simplifies the purchasing process for organisations seeking straightforward transactions without extensive consultative services. The ordering system is designed for efficiency, allowing safety managers and procurement officers to quickly identify suitable products, compare specifications, and complete purchases without navigating complex quotation processes. This streamlined approach particularly suits businesses with established safety protocols who know precisely what they require and simply need a reliable source at reasonable cost. Whilst Tuff Shop may not offer the extensive ancillary services provided by larger suppliers, its focus on cost-effectiveness fills an important niche within the market, ensuring that financial limitations need never prevent proper respiratory protection. For organisations balancing multiple budgetary pressures, this supplier represents a pragmatic solution that maintains compliance without excessive expenditure.
Toolstation uk
Combining online convenience with extensive physical infrastructure, Toolstation UK occupies a unique position among FFP3 mask suppliers by offering immediate product availability through its nationwide network of branches. This hybrid model addresses a common frustration experienced by businesses and tradespeople who need respiratory protection urgently and cannot wait for courier delivery. With hundreds of locations across the United Kingdom, Toolstation provides the rare advantage of click and collect services that can place certified face masks in customers' hands within as little as five minutes of ordering online.
Immediate availability through physical locations
The convenience factor Toolstation delivers cannot be overstated for time-sensitive situations. When a construction project suddenly requires additional respiratory protection, or when a maintenance team discovers their mask supply has run low ahead of a critical task, the ability to collect certified FFP3 masks from a nearby branch transforms what might be a work-stopping problem into a minor inconvenience. Toolstation stocks respected brands including Honeywell, Moldex, Stanley, and Trend, ensuring customers access established manufacturers with proven track records in respiratory protection. This brand selection provides reassurance regarding quality and performance, important considerations when worker health depends on equipment functioning as specified. The pricing structure reflects Toolstation's position as a trade-focused retailer, with FFP3 masks typically ranging from five pounds to fifty pounds depending on features such as valves, moulded designs, and pack quantities. This span accommodates varying budgets and requirements, from basic disposable masks for occasional use through to premium options for demanding daily applications.
Trade-focused retail with professional standards
Toolstation's trade heritage influences its entire operational approach, from store layouts optimised for quick product location through to staff familiar with construction and maintenance sector needs. This professional orientation means customers encounter service personnel who understand the practical realities of workplace safety rather than generic retail assistants. The branch network extends beyond major cities into regional areas, providing access to certified respiratory protection even in locations underserved by specialist safety suppliers. Online ordering with in-store collection combines the convenience of browsing complete product ranges from any location with the immediacy of physical retail, whilst delivery options including next-day and same-day services cater to those unable to collect personally. Free delivery thresholds and various collection time windows further enhance flexibility. For tradespeople and project managers who value time as much as cost, Toolstation's model delivers a compelling combination of product availability, brand choice, competitive pricing, and unmatched speed of access.
Safetec direct
Organisations operating in heavy industry and other high-hazard environments require more than simply purchasing compliant masks; they need suppliers who understand complex risk assessments, regulatory frameworks, and the technical specifications that determine appropriate protection levels. Safetec Direct positions itself firmly within this consultative space, providing expert advice and compliance support alongside its FFP3 mask range. This approach recognises that respiratory protection exists within a broader safety management system, and that selecting appropriate equipment demands technical knowledge many businesses lack internally.
Expert guidance for high-hazard environments
The technical complexity surrounding respiratory protection increases substantially in industrial settings where multiple hazards may coexist or where exposure levels approach or exceed workplace exposure limits. Safetec Direct's expertise proves particularly valuable in these challenging contexts, helping safety managers navigate questions around adequate protection factors, compatibility with other PPE items, face fit testing requirements, and appropriate usage durations. The supplier's consultative approach extends to understanding specific workplace conditions, enabling tailored recommendations rather than generic product suggestions. Industries such as chemical processing, metal fabrication, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and shipbuilding benefit significantly from this depth of knowledge, as the consequences of inadequate respiratory protection in these sectors can be severe and irreversible. Safetec Direct's commitment to compliance support helps businesses meet their obligations under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations and related legislation, reducing the risk of enforcement action whilst simultaneously protecting worker health.
Comprehensive safety partnership
Beyond the immediate transaction of supplying FFP3 masks, Safetec Direct cultivates long-term relationships with client organisations, functioning as an extension of their safety teams. This partnership approach includes reviewing changing regulations, advising on emerging hazards, and ensuring that respiratory protection strategies evolve in line with operational changes. The supplier maintains stock of various mask types including disposable and reusable options, valved and non-valved designs, and different size ranges to accommodate facial variation across workforces. This comprehensive inventory ensures that once appropriate protection has been identified, supply can be established reliably. Safetec Direct's focus on heavy industry and high-hazard sectors means its team remains current with the specific challenges these environments present, from extreme temperatures affecting mask materials through to compatibility with welding helmets or chemical goggles. For organisations where respiratory protection represents a critical control measure rather than a routine precaution, this depth of sector-specific knowledge and ongoing support delivers significant value beyond the products themselves.
Rs components uk
Scale and variety define RS Components UK's position within the FFP3 mask supply market, with an extensive catalogue spanning numerous brands, styles, and price points. This comprehensiveness appeals to organisations seeking choice and flexibility, particularly those with diverse operations requiring different respiratory protection solutions across various sites or activities. The sheer breadth of options available through RS Components ensures that specific requirements, however niche, can likely be accommodated without needing to engage multiple suppliers.
Unmatched product range and brand selection
The RS Components catalogue encompasses respiratory protection from established global manufacturers including 3M, Delta Plus, and RS PRO alongside numerous other respected brands. This multi-brand approach allows customers to select products based on their particular preferences regarding fit, comfort, durability, or price, rather than being constrained to a single manufacturer's range. Different mask designs suit different facial shapes and workplace conditions, making variety practically important rather than merely commercially advantageous. For instance, some workers find valved masks essential for breathability during physically demanding tasks, whilst others prefer non-valved options for environments where exhalation valves might become contaminated. Similarly, moulded masks offer durability and consistent shape retention, whereas fold-flat designs provide convenient storage and transportation. RS Components stocks these variations across multiple certification levels, with FFP3 options representing the highest protection tier within the filtering facepiece category. Pricing reflects this variety, with ten-packs available from eighteen pounds through to premium options exceeding fifty pounds per pack, enabling procurement decisions based on budget, application, and expected usage intensity.
Logistics and service efficiency
Beyond product range, RS Components distinguishes itself through robust logistics capabilities including next-day delivery services across the UK. This reliability proves crucial for businesses managing just-in-time inventory systems or facing unexpected demand spikes. The ordering platform accommodates various commercial purchasing arrangements from credit accounts through to purchase order processing, streamlining procurement for organisations of all sizes. Technical product information provided online assists in specification comparison and selection, whilst customer service teams offer additional guidance when required. The RS Components model essentially functions as a comprehensive industrial supplier rather than a specialist safety equipment provider, meaning businesses can consolidate diverse procurement needs beyond respiratory protection alone. This convenience factor, combined with competitive pricing across the range and dependable delivery performance, positions RS Components as a practical choice for organisations valuing efficiency and selection breadth over specialist respiratory protection consultancy.
Jrs industrial supplies
Flexibility in ordering arrangements attracts many businesses to JRS Industrial Supplies, which has structured its operations around accommodating customer needs rather than imposing rigid minimum order quantities or restrictive purchasing terms. This approach particularly benefits smaller enterprises and those with variable demand patterns, eliminating the frustration of being unable to order appropriate quantities or facing penalties for modest purchase volumes.
Flexible commercial terms
The absence of minimum order requirements at JRS Industrial Supplies removes a significant barrier that often complicates relationships between small businesses and safety equipment suppliers. Organisations can purchase exactly the quantity they need for immediate requirements without being forced to commit to larger volumes that tie up capital and storage space. This flexibility extends to mixed orders combining FFP3 masks with other workplace safety items, enabling comprehensive restocking in a single transaction. The sixty-day quality guarantee offered by JRS Industrial Supplies provides additional reassurance, demonstrating confidence in product standards whilst giving customers recourse if items fail to meet expectations. This assurance addresses a common concern when purchasing safety-critical equipment, where substandard products could expose both workers and employers to unacceptable risks. Free delivery on orders exceeding one hundred and fifty pounds further enhances the commercial proposition, reducing overall procurement costs whilst rewarding consolidated purchasing.
Practical approach to ppe supply
JRS Industrial Supplies positions itself as a straightforward, reliable partner for businesses seeking hassle-free access to certified respiratory protection and related PPE. The emphasis falls on making procurement as simple and accommodating as possible, recognising that many customers lack dedicated purchasing departments and handle safety equipment supply alongside numerous other responsibilities. The product range encompasses FFP3 masks in various styles alongside complementary protective equipment, enabling comprehensive PPE kit assembly from a single source. Whilst perhaps not offering the specialist consultancy available from some competitors, JRS Industrial Supplies delivers solid fundamentals: certified products, reasonable pricing, flexible terms, and reliable delivery. For businesses valuing straightforward transactions and accommodating commercial policies over extensive technical support, this supplier represents a sensible and practical choice.
Ultimo safety
Manufacturing its own ULTH3 FFP3 Mask distinguishes Ultimo Safety from suppliers who exclusively distribute third-party brands. This vertical integration provides the company with intimate knowledge of product design, materials, and manufacturing quality control, enabling direct engagement with customer feedback and continuous improvement. The focus on comfort and fit reflects Ultimo Safety's understanding that even the most protective mask becomes ineffective if workers avoid wearing it due to discomfort.
Proprietary design focused on wearability
The ULTH3 FFP3 Mask incorporates several features specifically engineered to enhance prolonged wearability, addressing common complaints about disposable respirators. A four-point adjustable head strap distributes weight and tension more evenly than simpler two-strap designs, reducing pressure points that cause discomfort during extended shifts. The full inner face seal works in conjunction with an adjustable nose band to achieve secure fit across diverse facial shapes, an essential consideration given that proper seal integrity directly determines protection efficacy. Ultimo Safety highlights excellent face fit testing results for the ULTH3, important evidence supporting the mask's ability to perform as intended across a representative user population. Meeting FFP3 NR standards with ninety-nine per cent minimum filtration efficiency, the mask provides maximum protection against airborne particles whilst maintaining low breathing resistance, a balance that proves challenging in respirator design. These carefully considered design elements reflect Ultimo Safety's manufacturing perspective and direct accountability for product performance.
Direct manufacturer advantages
Purchasing directly from a manufacturer offers several potential advantages compared to working through distributors. Pricing structures typically become more straightforward without intermediary margins, with Ultimo Safety offering the ULTH3 from twenty-nine pounds for a box of ten through to volume pricing for case quantities of one hundred. Direct manufacturer relationships can also facilitate more responsive customer service regarding technical queries, product specifications, or performance questions, as communication doesn't require relay through distribution channels. Ultimo Safety's specialisation in its own product line creates depth of knowledge regarding the ULTH3's characteristics, appropriate applications, and optimal usage practices. For organisations seeking a UK-based manufacturer with transparent production standards and direct accountability, Ultimo Safety represents an appealing option, particularly if comfort and sustained wearability rank among primary selection criteria alongside protection level.
Respirator shop uk
Specialisation brings focused expertise, and Respirator Shop UK delivers precisely this through its exclusive concentration on respiratory protection equipment. Unlike broader safety suppliers distributing diverse PPE categories, this specialist dedicates its entire operation to understanding, sourcing, and supporting respiratory protection solutions. The depth of knowledge resulting from this narrow focus provides significant value for customers facing complex respiratory hazard scenarios or seeking expert guidance on appropriate protection selection.
Dedicated respiratory protection expertise
The technical knowledge concentrated within organisations specialising exclusively in respiratory protection typically exceeds that available from generalist suppliers managing dozens of product categories. Respirator Shop UK's team develops deep familiarity with filtration standards, breathing resistance characteristics, face seal technologies, and the practical performance differences between various mask designs and manufacturers. This expertise proves invaluable when selecting appropriate respiratory protection for specific hazards, workplace conditions, or user populations. The shop stocks multiple brands across the FFP protection hierarchy, including FFP1, FFP2, and FFP3 classifications, enabling customers to match protection levels precisely to assessed risk rather than defaulting to maximum protection in all circumstances. Whilst FFP3 masks provide highest filtration, they also present greater breathing resistance, making them potentially less comfortable for extended wear in lower-hazard environments where FFP2 protection would suffice. Specialist advice helps navigate these nuances, optimising both protection and wearability.
Comprehensive respiratory product range
Beyond disposable filtering facepiece respirators, Respirator Shop UK maintains inventory spanning reusable half-mask and full-face respirators, replacement filters, breathing apparatus components, and complementary items such as fit testing equipment. This comprehensive approach to respiratory protection enables complete solution provision for organisations with varied respiratory hazards or those seeking to implement reusable systems for economic or environmental reasons. The specialist focus also ensures current awareness of regulatory developments, emerging hazards, and evolving best practices within respiratory protection, knowledge that gets communicated to customers through product recommendations and usage guidance. For organisations where respiratory protection represents a significant safety concern warranting specialist attention rather than routine commodity purchasing, Respirator Shop UK's dedicated expertise and focused product range deliver considerable practical and technical value.
Safety supplies uk
Comprehensive safety equipment provision defines Safety Supplies UK's market position, offering FFP3 masks within a much broader catalogue encompassing virtually every workplace safety requirement. This extensive range appeals to organisations preferring to consolidate safety equipment procurement with a single supplier capable of fulfilling diverse needs across personal protective equipment, safety signage, first aid supplies, and workplace safety devices.
One-stop safety equipment sourcing
The practical convenience of sourcing multiple safety equipment categories from one supplier reduces administrative burden, simplifies vendor management, and potentially improves pricing through volume consolidation. Safety Supplies UK's range extends well beyond respiratory protection to include protective clothing, safety footwear, high-visibility clothing, hard hats, eye protection, hearing protection, fall arrest equipment, and numerous other categories. For businesses equipping new facilities, restocking across multiple safety areas, or standardising equipment specifications company-wide, this breadth substantially streamlines procurement. The FFP3 masks available through Safety Supplies UK meet standard EN 149 certification requirements whilst being competitively priced within the broader market. Free delivery on orders exceeding one hundred and fifty pounds plus VAT provides additional incentive for consolidated purchasing whilst rewarding larger orders.
Broad safety portfolio with reliable service
Safety Supplies UK combines comprehensive product range with straightforward commercial terms and reliable delivery performance. The supplier's longevity within the market, established since the mid-twentieth century, provides reassurance regarding stability and operational consistency. Whilst perhaps not offering the specialist respiratory protection consultancy available from niche providers, Safety Supplies UK delivers solid general safety equipment supply with sufficient breadth to meet most standard workplace requirements. The company's experience serving diverse industries creates understanding of typical safety equipment needs across construction, manufacturing, facilities management, and public sector organisations. For businesses seeking reliable, comprehensive safety equipment supply without requiring specialist technical consultancy, Safety Supplies UK represents a practical and efficient solution backed by decades of market presence.
Start safety uk
Operational efficiency and rapid response characterise Start Safety UK's service proposition, with fast dispatch and next-day delivery capabilities addressing urgent customer needs. In workplace safety contexts, equipment shortages can halt operations or expose workers to unacceptable hazards, making supply reliability and speed commercially critical. Start Safety UK's logistics focus ensures customers can depend on prompt order fulfilment even for time-sensitive requirements.
Rapid delivery and operational efficiency
The commitment to fast dispatch means orders placed during working hours typically leave the warehouse the same day, positioning them for next-day arrival across most UK locations. This responsiveness proves particularly valuable when existing mask supplies run low unexpectedly, when new projects commence with little lead time, or when workplace assessments identify previously unrecognised respiratory hazards requiring immediate control measures. Start Safety UK stocks well-regarded brands including JSP, whose masks offer good value at approximately ten pounds excluding VAT for ten masks. This competitive pricing combined with delivery speed creates an attractive proposition for time-pressured purchasing situations. The balance between cost-effectiveness and rapid availability means businesses need not choose between controlling expenditure and receiving products promptly.
Practical supply partner for time-critical needs
Beyond speed, Start Safety UK maintains sufficient inventory depth to fulfil orders without extended backorder delays, a common frustration when dealing with suppliers carrying minimal stock. The range encompasses various FFP3 mask styles suitable for different applications and user preferences, ensuring appropriate options remain available rather than forcing compromise due to limited selection. Whilst Start Safety UK may not position itself as a specialist consultancy provider, its operational strengths in logistics, inventory management, and responsive service delivery create tangible customer value. For businesses where supply continuity and delivery speed rank among primary supplier selection criteria, Start Safety UK offers a reliable solution backed by competitive pricing and established brands. The combination proves particularly relevant for organisations operating just-in-time safety equipment management or those serving project-based industries where requirements fluctuate significantly and predictability proves elusive.